Flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers

ABSTRACT

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to bio-renewable flame-retardant compounds and, more specifically, flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers.

Bio-based compounds provide a source of renewable materials for various industrial applications, such as polymers, flame retardants, cross-linkers, etc. One example of a bio-based compound that can be used in these applications is vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde). Vanillin is a plant metabolite and the main component of natural vanilla extract. While vanillin can be obtained from vanilla extract, or synthesized from petroleum-based raw materials, a number of biotechnology processes are also used to produce vanillin. These processes can be plant-based or microorganism-based, and provide a renewable source of vanillin on an industrial scale.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments are directed to flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. Each phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety can have at least one substituent selected from a group consisting of a phenyl substituent, an allyl substituent, an epoxide substituent, a propylene carbonate substituent, and a thioether substituent. The thioether substituent can be a hydroxyl-functionalized thioether substituent, an amino-functionalized thioether substituent, or a carboxylic acid-functionalized thioether substituent. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source. Additional embodiments are directed to forming a flame-retardant polymer. The polymer can be produced by forming a diol vanillin derivative, forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule, and reacting the diol vanillin derivative and the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule with one another to form a flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can then be bound to a polymer, forming the flame-retardant polymer. The diol vanillin derivative can be a phenol diol vanillin derivative, a carboxylic acid diol vanillin derivative, or a benzyl alcohol diol vanillin derivative. The phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule can be a phosphate-based molecule or a phosphonate-based molecule with at least one phenyl substituent, allyl substituent, epoxide substituent, propylene carbonate substituent, or thioether substituent. Further embodiments are directed to an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker. The material can be a resin, plastic, adhesive, polymer, etc. Examples of polymer materials can include polyurethane, an epoxy, a polyhydroxyurethane, a polycarbonate, a polyester, a polyacrylate, a polyimide, a polyamide, a polyurea, and a poly(vinyl-ester).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a process of forming a flame-retardant polymer with flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating processes of synthesizing three diol compounds derived from vanillin, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic representation of the molecular structures of generic phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating two processes of synthesizing a phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating two processes of synthesizing a phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3C is a diagrammatic representation of the molecular structures of three thiol molecules that are involved in the synthesis of the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4A is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process of synthesizing a functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4B is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating three processes of synthesizing thioether-linked flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4C is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process of synthesizing a propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4D is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process of synthesizing a functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4E is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating three processes of synthesizing thioether-linked flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4F is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process of synthesizing a propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4G is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process of synthesizing a functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4H is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating three processes of synthesizing thioether-linked flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4I is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process of synthesizing a propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Bio-based compounds are increasingly being used in the synthesis of substances that previously required petroleum-based raw materials. One benefit of bio-based compounds is that they are from renewable resources. Therefore, these compounds have applications in sustainable, or “green,” materials. Sustainable materials are becoming more and more prevalent, due to the rising costs of fossil fuels and increasing environmental regulatory controls. Advances in biotechnology have provided numerous strategies for efficiently and inexpensively producing bio-based compounds on an industrial scale. Examples of these strategies include plant-based or microorganism-based approaches. Plant-based approaches can involve obtaining a material directly from a plant, or growing plant tissues or cells that can produce bio-based compounds from various substrates using their own biosynthetic pathways. Microorganism-based approaches involve using native or genetically modified fungi, yeast, or bacteria to produce a desired compound from a structurally similar substrate.

Examples of substances that can be produced from bio-based compounds include polymers, flame retardants, cross-linkers, etc. In some examples, bio-based polymers and petroleum-based polymers are blended to form a polymer composite. However, polymers can also be entirely bio-based, or produced from a combination of bio- and petroleum-based monomers. Bio-based compounds can also impart flame-retardant properties to bio- and petroleum-based polymers. For example, flame-retardant monomers or cross-linkers can be incorporated into polymers. Additionally, flame-retardant molecules can be blended or chemically reacted with the polymers.

Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is one example of a bio-based compound that can have applications as a component of various polymers, resins, and small molecules. Vanillin is a plant metabolite and the main component of natural vanilla extract. It can be obtained from the plant- and microorganism-based bio-sources discussed above, or synthesized from petroleum-based raw materials. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, vanillin is used as a precursor for flame-retardant cross-linkers. These flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers can be incorporated into to polymers and resins by functional groups on flame-retardant moieties.

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram 100 illustrating a process of forming a flame-retardant polymer with flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Process 100 begins with the formation of a diol derivative of vanillin. This is illustrated at step 105. A diol is a molecule with two hydroxyl groups, and diol derivatives of vanillin are formed when the aldehyde functional group on a vanillin molecule is replaced by a hydroxyl group or a substituent that contains a hydroxyl group. The identity of the substituent with the hydroxyl group is determined by the reaction conditions under which the diol derivative is produced. Examples of reaction conditions that can convert vanillin to a diol molecule include oxidation by sodium percarbonate, oxidation by potassium permanganate, and reduction by sodium borohydride. The structures and syntheses of three examples of diol derivatives of vanillin are discussed in greater detail with regard to FIG. 2A.

Process 100 continues with the formation of a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule. This is illustrated at step 110. The phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule has either a phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety (collectively referred to as an FR group) with an attached R group. Examples of R groups that can be attached to the FR group include phenyl substituents, epoxide substituents, allyl substituents, propylene carbonate substituents, and functionalized thioether substituents, such as hydroxyl-functionalized thioether substituents, amino-functionalized thioether substituents, and carboxylic acid-functionalized thioether substituents. The syntheses and structures of phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules are discussed in greater detail with regard to FIGS. 2B-3B. It should be noted that the formation of the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule of step 110 is illustrated as occurring after the formation of the diol vanillin derivative in step 105. However, in some embodiments, step 110 can occur before step 105.

The diol derivative of vanillin and the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule are chemically reacted in order to form a flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker 106. This is illustrated at step 115. The identity of the M group on the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker 106 is determined by the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule and the diol vanillin derivative used in the reaction. The phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules react with hydroxyl groups on the vanillin derivatives to provide the FR group with the attached R group. The identities of the FR and R groups on the generic flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 can vary. Examples of FR groups, as well as the syntheses and structures of flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 are discussed in greater detail with regard to FIGS. 4A-4I.

The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker 106 formed in step 115 is chemically reacted with a polymer, forming a bond between the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 and the polymer. This is illustrated at step 120. The binding of the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker 106 to the polymer forms a flame-retardant polymer. Examples of targeted polymers include epoxies, polyhydroxyurethanes, polyurethane, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyacrylates, polyimides, polyamides, polyureas, poly(vinyl-esters), etc. The materials for these polymers can come from petroleum- or bio-based sources.

FIG. 2A is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating processes 200-1, 200-2, and 200-3 of synthesizing three diol compounds derived from vanillin, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The three diol vanillin derivatives are a phenol diol derivative 210, a carboxylic acid diol derivative 220, and a benzyl alcohol diol derivative 230. These vanillin derivatives are precursors for the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106. The syntheses of the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 from the diol vanillin derivatives are described in greater detail with regard to FIGS. 4A, 4D, and 4G.

In process 200-1, the phenol diol derivative 210 of vanillin is produced in an oxidation reaction with sodium percarbonate. Deionized water is added to a solution of vanillin 205 in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The resulting vanillin/THF/H₂O solution is degassed with an inert gas (e.g., argon or nitrogen). While agitating the mixture, sodium percarbonate (Na₂CO₃.1.5 H₂O₂) is added until pH=3 is reached, thus quenching the reaction. After quenching the reaction, the THF is evaporated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phases are collected, washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The ethyl acetate is removed under reduced pressure, yielding the isolated phenol diol derivative 210.

In process 200-2, the carboxylic acid diol derivative 220 of vanillin is produced in an oxidation reaction with potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is added to an acetone/H₂O solution of vanillin 205. The mixture is stirred for approximately 1.5 hours at room temperature. Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) in hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to the resulting purple mixture until the mixture is colorless. The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic phases are collected, washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). The ethyl acetate is removed under reduced pressure, yielding the isolated carboxylic acid diol derivative 220.

In process 200-3, the benzyl alcohol diol derivative 230 of vanillin is produced in a reduction reaction with sodium borohydride. Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) is added to a solution of vanillin 205 in anhydrous ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF). The mixture is stirred at room temperature under an inert gas (e.g., argon or nitrogen) for approximately four hours. The mixture is then concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to give the benzyl alcohol diol derivative 230 as a colorless oil.

FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic representation of the molecular structures 202 of generic phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules 240, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Each phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 is either a phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1 or a phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2. Herein, phosphoryl and phosphonyl moieties are replaced by the abbreviation “FR” in order to simplify illustrations of the molecular structures. Each phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 has a phenyl (Ph) substituent and an R group that can bind to a resin.

The identities of the R groups bound to the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules 240 vary, and are discussed in greater detail with respect to FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 4A-4I. Additionally, in some embodiments, the phenyl group is replaced by another alkyl substituent (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, etc.). The syntheses of the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules 240 are discussed with regard to FIGS. 3A and 3B. The phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecules 240 are reacted with the vanillin diol derivatives 210, 220, and 230 to form flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106. These reactions are discussed in greater detail with regard to FIGS. 4A, 4D, and 4G.

FIG. 3A is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating two processes 300-1 and 300-2 of synthesizing the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. In both processes 300-1 and 300-2, an alcohol 305 is a starting material for the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1. The alcohol 305 has either an allyl R group 307 or an epoxide R group 308. It should be noted that, though an allyl group 307 with a single methylene spacer group is illustrated here, other alcohols with allylic chains of varying lengths (e.g., one to twelve methylene spacer groups) could be used. Additionally, alcohols with acrylate substituents are used in some embodiments.

In process 300-1, the alcohol 305 is reacted with diphenyl phosphite and titanium isopropoxide (Ti(O^(i)(Pr)₄) in benzene to produce a precursor 310 to the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1. In this pseudo-transesterification reaction, the precursor 310 is formed when a phenyl (Ph) substituent on diphenyl phosphite is replaced by an allyl 307 or epoxide 308 R group from the alcohol 305. The precursor 310 is then reacted with thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) over a range of 0° C. to room temperature (RT), forming the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1.

In process 300-2, the alcohol 305 is reacted with diphenyl phosphite in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution containing triethyl amine (Et₃N). This process is carried out over a range of 0° C. to room temperature (RT). A chloride on the phenyl dichlorophosphate is replaced by the alcohol 305, forming the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1 with an allyl 307 or epoxide 308 R group.

FIG. 3B is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating two processes 300-3 and 300-4 of synthesizing the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. In both processes 300-3 and 300-4, an organochloride 320 is a starting material for the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2. The organochloride 320 has either an allyl R group 307 or an epoxide R group 308. It should be noted that, as in the case of the alcohol 305, other organochlorides with allylic chains of varying lengths (e.g., one to twelve methylene spacer groups) could be used. Additionally, organochlorides with acrylate substituents are used in some embodiments.

In process 300-3, the organochloride 320 is reacted with triphenyl phosphite (P(OPh)₃). The mixture is heated, either by refluxing in toluene or microwaving (mw) in ethanol (EtOH), producing a phosphonyl ester precursor 325 to the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2. The phosphonyl ester precursor 325 is reacted with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl₅) to form the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2 with an allyl 307 or epoxide 308 R group.

In process 300-4, a mixture of the organochloride 320 and triphenyl phosphite (P(OPh)₃) is heated, either by refluxing in toluene or microwaving (mw) in ethanol (EtOH), forming a phenylphosphinic acid precursor 327 to the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2. The reaction is then quenched by raising the pH of the solution. In this prophetic example, an ethanol (EtOH)/water (H₂O) solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to the reaction mixture. However, in some embodiments, bases other than sodium hydroxide, such as potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide, are used to quench the reaction. When the reaction has been quenched, thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) is added to the phenylphosphinic acid precursor 327, producing the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2 with an allyl 307 or epoxide 308 R group.

FIG. 3C is a diagrammatic representation of the molecular structures 302 of three thiol molecules that are involved in the synthesis of the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The three thiol molecules are 2-mercaptoethanol 335, cysteamine hydrochloride (HCl) 340, and 3-mercaptopropionate 345. Each of these thiols is involved in the synthesis of a thioether-linked flame-retardant vanillin derivative. The thiol molecules provide a thioether R group. Details of the syntheses and structures of the thioether-linked flame-retardant vanillin derivatives are discussed in greater detail with regard to FIGS. 4B, 4E, and 4H.

FIG. 4A is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process 400-1 of synthesizing a functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In process 400-1, the phenol diol derivative 210 of vanillin is reacted with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 and catalytic dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in a dichloromethane (DCM) solution. In some embodiments, stoichiometric triethylamine is used instead of DMAP. Additionally, tetrahydrofuran (THF) is used as a solvent in some embodiments. Stirring this mixture yields the functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406.

If process 400-1 is carried out with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 having an allyl R group 307, the functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406 will be an allyl-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406-1. Likewise, if process 400-1 is carried out with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 having an epoxide R group 308, the functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406 will be an epoxide-substituted flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406-2. If the process is carried out with the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1, the functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406 will have a phosphoryl FR group, and, if the reaction is carried out with the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2, the functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406 will have a phosphonyl FR group.

FIG. 4B is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating three processes 400-2, 400-3, and 400-4 of synthesizing thioether-linked flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Each process is a thiol-ene reaction between the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406-1 and a thiol molecule. The thiol molecules used in processes 400-2, 400-3, and 400-4 are 2-mercaptoethanol 335, cysteamine HCl 340, and 3-mercaptopropionate 345, respectively. The structures of these thiol molecules are illustrated in FIG. 3C.

In process 400-2, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406-1 is reacted with 2-mercaptoethanol 335 under UV light. The resulting hydroxyl-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 411 of vanillin has thioether R₃ groups 412 that correspond to 2-mercaptoethanol 335. In process 400-3, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406-1 is reacted with cysteamine HCl 340 in a pH 9 methanol (MeOH) solution under UV light. The resulting amino-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 416 has thioether R₄ groups 417 that correspond to cysteamine HCl 340. In process 400-4, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 406-1 is reacted with 3-mercaptopropionate 345 under UV light in a methanol (MeOH) solution. The resulting carboxylic acid-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 421 has thioether R₅ groups 422 that correspond to 3-mercaptopropionate 345.

FIG. 4C is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process 400-5 of synthesizing a propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 426, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The epoxide-functionalized flame-retardant phenol derivative 406-2 of vanillin is combined with lithium bromide (LiBr). Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is added to the mixture, either by injecting into the headspace of the reaction flask, or by bubbling through the solution. This step yields the propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant phenol vanillin-derived cross-linker 426.

FIG. 4D is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process 400-6 of synthesizing a functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The carboxylic acid diol derivative 220 of vanillin is reacted with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240, as well as magnesium oxide (MgO) and catalytic dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). In some embodiments, DMAP is omitted from the reaction. Stirring this mixture yields the functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431.

If process 400-6 is carried out with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 having an allyl R group 307, the functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431 will be an allyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431-1. Likewise, if process 400-6 is carried out with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 having an epoxide R group 308, the functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431 will be an epoxide-substituted flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431-2. If the process is carried out with the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1, the functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431 will have a phosphoryl FR group, and, if the reaction is carried out with the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2, the functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431 will have a phosphonyl FR group.

FIG. 4E is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating three processes 400-7, 400-8, and 400-9 of synthesizing thioether-linked flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Each process is a thiol-ene reaction between the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431-1 and a thiol molecule. The thiol molecules used in processes 400-7, 400-8, and 400-9 are 2-mercaptoethanol 335, cysteamine HCl 340, and 3-mercaptopropionate 345, respectively. The structures of these thiol molecules are illustrated in FIG. 3C.

In process 400-7, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431-1 is reacted with 2-mercaptoethanol 335 under UV light. The resulting hydroxyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 436 of vanillin has thioether R₃ groups 412 that correspond to 2-mercaptoethanol 335. In process 400-8, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431-1 is reacted with cysteamine HCl 340 in a pH 9 methanol (MeOH) solution under UV light. The resulting amino-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 441 has thioether R₄ groups 417 that correspond to cysteamine HCl 340. In process 400-9, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 431-1 is reacted with 3-mercaptopropionate 345 under UV light in a methanol (MeOH) solution. The resulting carboxylic acid-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 446 has thioether R₅ groups 422 that correspond to 3-mercaptopropionate 345.

FIG. 4F is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process 400-10 of synthesizing a propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 451, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The epoxide-functionalized flame retardant carboxylic acid derivative 431-2 of vanillin is combined with lithium bromide (LiBr). Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is added to the mixture, either by injecting into the headspace of the reaction flask, or by bubbling through the solution. This step yields the propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 451.

FIG. 4G is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process 400-11 of synthesizing a functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The benzyl alcohol diol derivative 230 of vanillin is reacted with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 and catalytic dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in a dichloromethane (DCM) solution. In some embodiments, stoichiometric triethylamine is used instead of DMAP. Stirring this mixture yields the functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456.

If process 400-11 is carried out with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 having an allyl R group 307, the functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456 will be an allyl-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456-1. Likewise, if process 400-11 is carried out with a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule 240 having an epoxide R group 308, the functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456 will be an epoxide-substituted flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456-2. If the process is carried out with the phosphate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-1, the functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456 will have a phosphoryl FR group, and, if the reaction is carried out with the phosphonate-based flame-retardant molecule 240-2, the functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456 will have a phosphonyl FR group.

FIG. 4H is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating three processes 400-12, 400-13, and 400-14 of synthesizing thioether-linked flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linkers, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Each process is a thiol-ene reaction between the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456-1 and a thiol molecule. The thiol molecules used in processes 400-12, 400-13, and 400-14 are 2-mercaptoethanol 335, cysteamine HCl 340, and 3-mercaptopropionate 345, respectively. The structures of these thiol molecules are illustrated in FIG. 3C.

In process 400-12, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456-1 is reacted with 2-mercaptoethanol 335 under UV light. The resulting hydroxyl-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 461 of vanillin has thioether R₃ groups 412 that correspond to 2-mercaptoethanol 335. In process 400-13, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 456-1 is reacted with cysteamine HCl 340 in a pH 9 methanol (MeOH) solution under UV light. The resulting amino-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 466 has thioether R₄ groups 417 that correspond to cysteamine HCl 340. In process 400-14, the allyl-functionalized flame-retardant carboxylic acid vanillin-derived cross-linker 456-1 is reacted with 3-mercaptopropionate 345 under UV light in a methanol (MeOH) solution. The resulting carboxylic acid-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 471 has thioether R₅ groups 422 that correspond to 3-mercaptopropionate 345.

FIG. 4I is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process 400-15 of synthesizing a propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 476, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The epoxide-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol derivative 456-2 of vanillin is combined with lithium bromide (LiBr). Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is added to the mixture, either by injecting into the headspace of the reaction flask, or by bubbling through the solution. The reaction yields the propylene carbonate-functionalized flame-retardant benzyl alcohol vanillin-derived cross-linker 476.

In some embodiments, the processes of forming substituted flame-retardant vanillin derivatives illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 4D, and 4G are carried out with a mixture of both the phosphate-based 240-1 and the phosphonate-based 240-2 flame retardant molecules. Carrying out processes 400-1, 400-6, and 400-11 with a mixture of the phosphate-240-1 and phosphonate-based 240-2 flame retardant molecules can result in substituted flame-retardant vanillin derivatives with both phosphoryl and phosphonyl FR groups. However, in some instances, adding a mixture of phosphate-240-1 and phosphonate-based 240-2 flame retardant molecules can result in the production of substituted flame-retardant vanillin derivatives with all phosphoryl or all phosphonyl FR groups. Additionally, adding both phosphate-240-1 and phosphonate-based 240-2 flame retardant molecules to the reaction can yield a mixture of products that includes some combination of derivatives with either all phosphoryl or all phosphonyl FR groups and derivatives with both phosphoryl and phosphonyl FR groups.

Further, in some embodiments, the processes of forming thioether-linked flame-retardant vanillin derivatives illustrated in FIGS. 4B, 4E, and 4H are carried out with mixtures of more than one type of thiol molecule. This can result in the production of thioether-linked flame-retardant vanillin derivatives that have two different types of thioether-linked FR group. However, in some instances, adding more than one type of thiol molecule to the reaction mixture can result in thioether-linked flame-retardant vanillin derivatives that have two identical thioether-linked FR groups. Adding more than one type of thiol molecule to the reaction mixture can also result in a mixture of products that includes some combination of derivatives with either two different thioether-linked FR groups or two identical thioether-linked FR groups.

The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 disclosed herein can be bound to polymers via their R functional groups, imparting flame-retardant properties to the polymers. One example of a polymer that can be made flame-retardant by the addition of flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 is polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS), a plastic that is often used in electronics hardware. Flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106 can also be incorporated into polyurethane. Polyurethane is a versatile polymer used in applications that can include acoustic dampening, cushioning, plastics, synthetic fibers, insulation, adhesives, etc. The vanillin-based flame-resistant cross-linkers 106 can also be added to adhesives such as bio-adhesives, elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, thermosets, etc. Further, materials containing the vanillin-based flame-resistant cross-linkers 106 can be incorporated into various devices with electronic components that can include printed circuit boards (PCBs), semiconductors, transistors, optoelectronics, capacitors, resistors, etc.

Resins for printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be made flame-retardant by incorporating flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers 106. PCBs are electrical circuits that can be found in most types of electronic device, and they support and electronically connect electrical components in the device. PCBs are formed by etching a copper conductive layer laminated onto an insulating substrate. The insulating substrate can be a laminate comprising a resin and a fiber. Many resins in PCBs contain a polymer, such as an epoxy, a polyhydroxyurethane, a polycarbonate, a polyester, a polyacrylate, a polyimide, a polyamide, a polyurea, a poly(vinyl-ester), etc. Flame-retardant vanillin-derived vanillin cross-linkers 106 can be bound to the polymers in the PCB resin in order to prevent the PCB from catching fire when exposed to high temperature environments or electrical power overloads.

It should be noted that, in some embodiments, the compounds described herein can contain one or more chiral centers. These can include racemic mixtures, diastereomers, enantiomers, and mixtures containing one or more stereoisomer. Further, the disclosed can encompass racemic forms of the compounds in addition to individual stereoisomers, as well as mixtures containing any of these.

The synthetic processes discussed herein and their accompanying drawings are prophetic examples, and are not limiting; they can vary in reaction conditions, components, methods, etc. In addition, the reaction conditions can optionally be changed over the course of a process. In some instances, reactions that involve multiple steps can be carried out sequentially, and, in other instances, they can be carried out in one pot. Further, in some embodiments, processes can be added or omitted while still remaining within the scope of the disclosure, as will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process of forming a flame-retardant polymer, comprising: forming a diol vanillin derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule selected from the group consisting of a chlorophosphate-based molecule and a phosphonate-based molecule; chemically reacting the diol vanillin derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker; and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer to form the flame-retardant polymer.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the diol derivative of vanillin is synthesized from vanillin that has been obtained from a bio-based source.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the diol derivative of vanillin is selected from a group consisting of: a phenol diol derivative of vanillin with a formula of:

a carboxylic acid diol derivative of vanillin with a formula of:

and a benzyl alcohol diol derivative of vanillin with a formula of:


4. The process of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule has a formula of:

wherein Ph is a phenyl substituent and R is a substituent selected from a group consisting of an epoxide substituent and an allyl substituent.
 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule has a formula of:

wherein Ph is a phenyl substituent and R is a substituent selected from the group consisting of the epoxide substituent and the allyl substituent.
 6. The process of claim 1, further comprising chemically reacting the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker with a thiol molecule to form a flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker with at least one thioether substituent.
 7. The process of claim 1, further comprising chemically reacting the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker with lithium bromide and carbon dioxide to form a flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker with at least one propylene carbonate substituent. 